As predicted, we have had an extraordinary year for bollworms in Bt cotton, some growers stating that cotton looks like it did before Bt. We can assure you that Bt is still working, since the non-Bt plots in Rocky Mount and Plymouth are devoid of fruit, while the Bt plots still have fruit (albeit loaded with bollworms in some cases).
Let’s also not forget that Bt cotton is phenomenal to manage tobacco budworm, but has never been 100% effective on bollworm. We know that there are bollworms in the system with some level of Bt resistance, but a number of other factors have probably played into this year’s deluge including:
- Increases in corn acreage.
- Plenty of bollworms in the system.
- A lot of bollworms coming out of Bt corn.
- Oversprays for plant bugs and stink bugs that were well timed to manage these bugs but poorly timed to manage bollworms.
- Late-planted cotton, weather, etc.
If you have large bollworms, they are probably inside bolls, so you won’t touch them with an insecticide. This generation of corn earworm is pretty much done, but we can expect another one soon, and they can sometime be even more numerous than before. Generally this isn’t a big concern, but we have a lot of late-planted cotton that could still be susceptible.
Here are 5 tips to manage bollworms through the season are below:
#1. Scout, scout, scout.
This point cannot be overstated. You need to make a special effort to scout for bollworm detailed here in the scouting guide. If you are only checking for stink bug injury on quarter-sized bolls, you could miss a potential problem. Watch light trap data (found here) in your area to see if a flight could be occurring. Also, as we move into the fall, make sure to properly identify bollworms, as well as fall armyworms that could be problematic in a few rare cases, as this influences product selection.
#2. Note what size the larvae are and where they are feeding.
You won’t kill larvae underneath bloom tags or in bolls with insecticides, unless these worms come out of bolls to feed in other locations on the plant. Small larvae are much easier to kill than large, which is why a spray for larvae is recommended in thescouting guide when larvae are in their second stage of growth (just larger than 1/8 inch).
#3. Make sure you know how susceptible each field is.
There are several things to consider. We generally recommend stopping bollworm control when cotton plants are 3 nodes above white flower. However, there are a few cases that are somewhat unique to this year that could influence the susceptibility of each field. It is very important to evaluate each field thoroughly to determine how long bolls should be protected from insect pests.
Depending on fall weather, the last effective bloom date generally falls between August 15th-20th and August 25th-September 1st depending on geography and the year. The early end of this spectrum may be somewhat conservative whereas the later dates become more risky in terms of how often growers can effectively harvest later-set upper bolls.
Naturally, sunny and warm weather during the fall with intermittent but timely rains may help develop more upper bolls that bloom towards the later end of this range, whereas cool and cloudy weather with an early frost may not allow for development of some upper bolls, resulting in a last effective bloom date towards the early end of this range.
Bolls should be full-sized by mid/late September in order to be harvestable, again, dependent on heat unit accumulation and timeliness of rains needed to fill out these bolls during the early fall. This year, many fields are planted somewhat later than normal, and some fields may have experienced drought stress during squaring or early in the bloom period, or boll losses due to plant bugs on lower nodes.
In either of these cases, the upper bolls may contribute a higher than normal proportion of the total harvestable boll population. Therefore, growers should decide how many upper bolls they want to protect from caterpillars based on 1) the percentage of total harvestable bolls that upper later-set bolls may contribute and 2) the most reasonable last effective bloom date for their region, based on experience, historical heat unit accumulation data, and the amount of risk they want to take in waiting for upper bolls to develop.
Additionally, you need to look at the fruit load and identify how many susceptible bolls that you have. Bolls that are big and hard cannot be penetrated by a bollworm, even if cotton is non-Bt.
One difference we have noted this year is that medium-small bollworm larvae are able to penetrate larger-than-normal bolls of WideStrike (most Phytogen varieties) cotton. This has not happened in previous year, so pay special attention to these varieties. Again, proper identification of caterpillars is important as fall armyworms may penetrate some larger, tougher bolls.
#4. Continue to use the egg threshold and Prevathon spray overtop susceptible Phytogen cotton, while using the larval threshold once eggs have hatched (see scouting guide for larval threshold).
Please note that this threshold will be used for 2016 only, since there are so few tobacco budworms this year. Since you will be evaluating the percent of susceptible bolls, if you have only a fraction of bolls that are susceptible, it’s probably safe to modify the larval threshold accordingly.
For example, if you have only 1/5 of the bolls that are susceptible, you could probably multiple the threshold value by 5 (in this example, you’d need 15 live larvae on 100 plant parts in a single scouting trip to trigger a spray).
#5. Pyrethroids tend to be okay for bollworm overtop Bt cotton.
Even when bollworm can grow and develop on Bt, they are still inhibited from growing. In these cases, pyrethroids work better than they do other crops like soybeans, which is detailed here. Larvae must either be contacted by the insecticide or feed in order to die. Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid, but is weaker than other types and should be avoided for direct bollworm control. Alternative pyrethroid examples that should work include Baythroid, Karate, and Mustang.
Worm-specific products should works as well, but in product testing in the past, have not worked better than pyrethroids alone once larvae were present. Examples include Blackhawk, Consero, Intrepid Edge, Prevathon, and Steward. Blackhawk and Consero have always rated a little lower than these. Pre-mixed products such as Besiege (Prevathon + Karate active ingredients) should work as well.
